The project examined issues of vulnerability and climate adaptation options and strategies with a focus on identifying barriers and enablers to effective, widespread and sustained adaptation. The project provided an Africa- and India-comparative framework while thinking about adaptation strategies, and therefore, recognised the potential of learning from successful strategies in different contexts. The project included a year-long Regional Diagnostic Studies (RDS) phase, a four-year long Regional Research Programme (RRP), and a parallel five-year-long process of Research into Use (RiU). IIHS led the South Asia research group, comprising the Watershed Organisation Trust (WOTR) and the Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE).
International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Department for International Development (DfID).


Singh, C. (2021). Of borewells and bicycles: The gendered nature of water access in Karnataka, South India and its implications for local vulnerability. In A. Hans, N. Rao, A. Prakash, & A. Patel (Eds.), En-gendering climate change: Learnings from South Asia (pp. 58-84). Routledge.

Kaur, H., Srinivas, A., & Bazaz, A. (2021). Understanding access to agrarian knowledge systems: Perspectives from rural Karnataka. Climate Services, 21, Article 100205.

Few, R., Spear, D., Singh, C., Tebboth, M. G., Davies, J. E., & Thompson‐Hall, M. C. (2020). Culture as a mediator of climate change adaptation: Neither static nor unidirectional. WIREs Climate Change, 12(1), e687.

Maharjan, A., de Campos, R.S., Singh, C., Das, S., Srinivas, A., Rashed, M.,… Vincent, K. (2020). Migration and household adaptation in climate-sensitive hotspots in South Asia. Current Climate Change Reports, 1, 1-16.

Rao, N., Singh, C., Solomon, D., Camfield, L., Sidiki, R., Angula, M.,… & Lawson, E. T. (2020). Managing risk, changing aspirations and household dynamics: Implications for wellbeing and adaptation in semi-arid Africa and India. World Development, 125, 104667.

Gajjar, S. P., Jain, G., Michael, K., & Singh, C. (2019). Entrenched vulnerabilities: Evaluating climate justice across development and adaptation responses in Southern India. In K.K. Bhavnani, J. Foran, P. A. Kurian & D. Munshi (Eds.), Climate futures: Re-imagining global climate justice. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Singh, C., & Basu, R. (2019). Moving in and out of vulnerability: Interrogating migration as an adaptation strategy along a rural‐urban continuum in India. The Geographical Journal.

Conway, D., Nicholls, R. J., Brown, S., Tebboth, M. G. L., Adger, W. N., Ahmad, B., … Wester, P. (2019) The need for bottom-up assessments of climate risks and adaptation in climate-sensitive regions. Nature Climate Change, 9, 503–511.

Singh, C., Solomon, D., Bendapudi, R., Kuchimanchi, B., Iyer, S., & Bazaz, A. (2019). What shapes vulnerability and risk management in semi-arid India? Moving towards an agenda of sustainable adaptation. Environment and Development, 30, 35-50.

Singh, C. (2019). Migration as a driver of changing household structures: Implications for local livelihoods and adaptation. Migration and Development, 8(3), 301-319.

New, M., Singh, C., Iyer, S., Hoffman, T., Scodanibbio, L. (2019). Effective adaptation means different things to different people : an ASSAR cross-regional insight : 2014-2018. ASSAR.

Deshpande, T., Michael, K., & Bhaskara, K. (2019). Barriers and enablers of local adaptive measures: A case study of Bengaluru’s informal settlement dwellers. Local Environment: The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability, 24(3), 167-179.

Chu, E., & Michael, K. (2018). Recognition in urban climate justice: Marginality and exclusion of migrants in Indian cities. Environment & Urbanization, 31(1) 1-18.

Maitreyi, K. V. (2018, July 25). Adaptation futures 2018: An enthralling journey to the Mother City. ASSAR Blog.

Hegde, G., & Singh, C. (2018, August 7). As India struggles with climate change, farming couple learns to cope and flourish. IndiaSpend.

Singh, C., Rahman, A., Srinivas, A., & Bazaz, A. (2018). Risks and responses in rural India: Implications for local climate change adaptation action. Climate Risk Management, 21, 52-68.

Ramarao, M. V. S., Sanjay, J., Krishnan, R., Mujumdar, M., Bazaz, A., & Revi, A. (2019). On observed aridity changes over the semiarid regions of India in a warming climate. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 136(1–2), 693–702.

Sami, N. (2018). Localizing environmental governance in India: Mapping urban institutional structures. In A. Luque-Ayala, H. A. Bulkeley & S. Marvin. (Eds.), Rethinking urban transitions: Politics in the low carbon city. Routledge.

Gajjar, S. P., Singh, C., & Deshpande, T. (2018). Tracing back to move ahead: a review of development pathways that constrain adaptation futures. Climate and Development, 11(3), 223-237.

Koduganti, M. (2018, September 26). Building capacities in India through unlearning, training and sharing. Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions.

Koduganti, M. (2018, October 2). Mazing through peri-urban Bangalore. Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions.

Chu, E., & Michael, K. (2019). The shifting geographies of climate justice: Mobile vulnerabilities in and across Indian cities. In Routledge Handbook of Climate Justice (pp. 299-312). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.

Spear, D., & Singh, C. (2017, September 21). How to help farmers prepare for climate change. The Conversation.

Poonacha, P., & Koduganti, M. (2017). Thinking critically about the future of water security in Bengaluru, India using transformative scenario planning. ASSAR.

Singh, C., & Basu, R. (2017). Governing water across scales: The Karnataka experience (The ASSAR Spotlight on Water). ASSAR.

Michael, K., Singh, C., Deshpande, T., & Bazaz, A. (2017). Dimensions of vulnerability in rural and urban areas: A case of migrants in Karnataka. Cape Town, South Africa: ASSAR.

Singh, C., Michael, K., & Bazaz, A. (2017). Barriers and enablers to climate adaptation: evidence from rural and urban areas in India. ASSAR Information Brief, ASSAR, Cape Town, South Africa.

Shenai, N., & Bhaskara, K. (2016). Mind the gap. Cape Town, South Africa: ASSAR.

Singh, C., Deshpande, T., & Basu, R. (2017). How do we assess vulnerability to climate change in India? A systematic review of literature. Regional Environmental Change, 17(2), 527-538.

Basu, R., & Poonacha, P. (2016, March 8). Shared learning for understanding vulnerability. ASSAR Blog.

Srinivas, A. (2016, July 24). Drought, resilience and antifragility in Kolar and Mandya. The Wire.

Singh, C., Basu, R., & Srinivas, A. (2016). Livelihood vulnerability and adaptation in Kolar District, Karnataka, India: Mapping risks and responses. Cape Town, South Africa: ASSAR.

Singh, C. (2016, July 4). Adaptation pathways and maladaptation. ASSAR Blog.

ASSAR (2016). Key findings from ASSAR’S regional diagnostic study & initial research: Bangalore sub-region, Karnataka (Information Brief). Cape Town, South Africa: ASSAR.

Deshpande, T., Srinivas, A., & Singh, C. (2016, January 18). Whose assessment counts? the difficulty of measuring vulnerability. ASSAR Blog.

Poonacha, P. (2016, January 17). The semi-arid regions of the Moyar-Bhavani basin. Indiawaterportal.

ASSAR (2016). Key Findings from ASSAR’S Regional Diagnostic Study and Initial Research: Moyar Bhavani Sub-Region, Tamil Nadu, Information Brief. Cape Town, South Africa: ASSAR.

Basu, R., & Bazaz, A. (2016). Assessing climate change risks and contextual vulnerability in urban areas of semi-arid India: the case of Bangalore. (CARIAA-ASSAR Working Paper 3). Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre.

Singh, C., Gajjar, S. P., & Deshpande, T. (2016). Policies, projects and people: exploring the adaptation-development spectrum in India (CARIAA-ASSAR Working Paper 2). Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre.

Singh, C., Unqhart, P., & Kituyi, E. (2016). From pilots to systems: barriers and enablers to scaling up the use of climate information services in smallholder farming communities (CARIAA Working Paper 3). Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre.

ASSAR (2015). Planning for climate change in the semi-arid regions of India (Information Brief #1). Cape Town, South Africa: ASSAR.

Rahman, A., Bunyan, M., Singh, C., & Tarore, P. C. S. (2015, April 28). ASSAR’s South Asia team organises AgMIP training with West African support. ASSAR Blog.

Singh, C. (2015, January 15). Ecological restoration as an adaptation to climate variability: Critical reflections from ASSAR’s South Asia Team visit to Navadarshanam. ASSAR Blog.

Chaturvedi, R., Bazaz, A., Shashikala, V., Krishnaswamy, J., Badiger, S., Bunyan, M., … Mujumdar, M. (2015). Regional climate messages for South Asia (ASSAR Working Paper). Cape Town, South Africa: ASSAR.

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CARIAA. (2015). Use and communication of climate information to support uptake of adaptation actions in semi-arid regions in Africa and Asia.

Revi, A., Bazaz, A., Krishnaswamy, J., Bendapudi, R., D’Souza, M., & Gajjar, S. P. (2015). Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in semi-arid areas in India (ASSAR Working Paper). Cape Town, S.A: ASSAR PMU.

CARIAA (2015). South Asia regional diagnostic study: Report summary. Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre.

Singh, C., Deshpande, T., Ingenno, M., Bendapudi, R., Bazaz, A., Gajjar, S. P.,… Badiger, S. The adaptation development spectrum. In A. Revi, A. Bazaz, J. Krishnaswamy, R. Bendapudi, M. D’Souza, & S. P. Gajjar (Eds.), Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in semi-arid areas in India (ASSAR Working Paper). Cape Town, S.A: ASSAR.

Poonacha, P., Rahman, A., Chaturvedi, R., Singh, C., Solomon, D., Basu, R.,… Gautam, M. (2015). Risks, vulnerability and impacts. In A. Revi, A. Bazaz, J. Krishnaswamy, R. Bendapudi, M. D’Souza, & S. P. Gajjar (Eds.), Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in semi-arid areas in India (ASSAR Working Paper). Cape Town, S.A: ASSAR.

Krishnaswamy, J., Bunyan, M., Chaturvedi, R.K., Shashikala, V., Chatterji, N., Raskar, S.V., & Bazaz, A. (2015) Climate change trends and projections. In A. Revi, A. Bazaz, J. Krishnaswamy, R. Bendapudi, M. D’Souza, & S. P. Gajjar (Eds.), Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in semi-arid areas in India (ASSAR Working Paper). Cape Town, S.A: ASSAR.

Rahman, A., Poonacha, P., Solomon, D., Bendapudi, R., Bazaz, A., Gajjar, S. P., & Badiger, S. (2015). The regional to sub-national context. In A. Revi, A. Bazaz, J. Krishnaswamy, R. Bendapudi, M. D’Souza, & S. P. Gajjar (Eds.), Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in semi-arid areas in India (ASSAR Working Paper). Cape Town, S.A: ASSAR.

Revi, A., Krishnaswamy, J., Bendapudi, D’Souza, M., & Gajjar, S. P. (2015). Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in semi-arid areas in India (ASSAR Working Paper). Cape Town, S.A: ASSAR PMU.